Equalizer Architecture for Data Communication

ABSTRACT

An update algorithm for equalizer coefficients in a communications system using phase correction symbols. Instead of using a traditional all symbols slicer update algorithm, the equalizer is updated during phase correction symbols for optimal performance in low signal-to-noise ratio conditions. In lower signal-to-noise ratio conditions, the equalizer uses a phase correction circuit to compensate for distortion caused by a communication channel when a demodulated data stream contains an unknown phase offsets resulting from a fast dynamic distortion. More specifically, the phase correction circuit uses a phase correction signal to correct for the unknown phase offsets in a demodulated data stream in lower signal-to-noise ratio conditions. The equalizer then corrects for distortion caused by the communication channel based upon the phase corrected demodulated data stream.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/583,713, filed Oct. 20, 2006, entitled “Equalizer Architecture forData Communication Using Pilot Symbols,” which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/729,662, filed Oct. 25, 2005,entitled “Equalizer Architecture for Data Communication Using PilotSymbols,” each of which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to equalizers and specificallyto updating equalizer coefficients in a communication system.

BACKGROUND

A digital communication system typically involves transmitting amodulated data stream from a transmitter to a receiver over acommunication channel. The communication channel can include a microwaveradio link, a satellite channel, a fiber optic cable, or a copper cableto provide some examples. A communication channel contains a propagationmedium that the modulated data stream passes through before reception bythe receiver.

The propagation medium of the communication channel introducesdistortion into the transmitted modulated data stream causing a receivedmodulated data stream to differ from the transmitted modulated datastream. Noise, signal strength variations known as fading, phase shiftvariations, or multiple path delays known as multi-path propagation canintroduce distortion into the transmitted modulated data stream. Forexample, transmission over a multiplicity of paths of different andvariable lengths, or rapidly varying delays in the propagation mediumfrom the transmitter to the receiver, may cause a change in theamplitude and/or phase of the transmitted modulated data stream. Thedistortion caused by the communication channel may be characterized aseither static distortion or dynamic distortion. Static distortion occurswhen the communication channel does not substantially fluctuate withtime. Dynamic distortion occurs when the communication channelfluctuates over time and may be characterized as fast or slow dependingon the rate of fluctuation. Different types of distortion tend tofluctuate at different rates. For example, the distortion due tomulti-path propagation might be characterized as slow dynamicdistortion, whereas the distortion due to phase shift variations mightbe characterized as fast dynamic distortion.

Digital communication systems use an adjustable filter in the form of anequalizer to reduce the effect of the distortion caused by thecommunication channel. A receiver may directly set equalization filtercoefficients for known or measured communication channels. However, inmost situations the characteristics of the communication channel are notknown in advance and therefore require the use of an adaptive equalizer.Adaptive equalizers derive adjustable filter coefficients from areceived demodulated data stream. The adaptive equalizer may compensatefor the distortion caused by the communication channel provided that thedistortion is either a static distortion or a slowly fluctuating dynamicdistortion. However, the adaptive equalizer is not well suited tocompensate for a more rapidly fluctuating distortion, such as distortiondue to phase variations.

Conventional equalizer outputs feed their corresponding outputs to acoefficient update module to adjust the equalizer coefficients. If theequalizer output contains fast dynamic distortion components such asphase variations that cannot be compensated by the equalizer, theequalizer coefficients may not be properly updated, and therefore theequalizer may not be able to compensate even slowly fluctuatingdistortion in the received signal.

To properly update its coefficients in the presence of either fast orslow dynamic phase variations, the adaptive equalizer may operate inconjunction with a phase correction circuit. The imaginary part of oneof the equalizer coefficients is constrained to prevent the adaptiveequalizer from attempting to correct for the phase variations. The phasecorrection circuit uses the equalizer output to correct for phasevariations then a phase corrected data stream is used to update theequalizer filter coefficients.

Current digital communication systems may operate in lowersignal-to-noise ratio conditions. For example, advances in errorcorrection coding allow error free operation for digital communicationsystems at lower signal-to-noise ratios. This presents a challenge forthe conventional phase correction circuits used in current receiverarchitectures. Conventional phase correction circuits are typicallydecision based phase locked loops that may not correct the phase of thereceived demodulated data stream under these lower signal-to-noise ratioconditions.

Therefore, what is needed an adaptive equalizer that is capable ofcompensating for fast or slow dynamic phase distortion in lowersignal-to-noise ratio environments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

The present invention is described with reference to the accompanyingdrawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical orfunctionally similar elements. Additionally, the left most digit(s) of areference number identifies the drawing in which the reference numberfirst appears.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a block diagram of a conventional equalizerusing a Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm to update the equalizercoefficients.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a block diagram of an equalizer using aphase correcting circuit according to an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a block diagram of an equalizer using aphase correcting circuit according to another exemplary embodiment ofthe present invention

FIG. 4 is an illustration of a transmitted modulated data streamaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of exemplary operational steps of an equalizeraccording to a first aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of exemplary operational steps of a phasecorrection module according to an aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of exemplary operational steps of a phasealignment module according to an aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of a block diagram of an equalizer using aphase correcting circuit according to a further exemplary embodiment ofthe present invention.

The present invention will now be described with reference to theaccompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers generallyindicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similarelements. The drawing in which an element first appears is indicated bythe leftmost digit(s) in the reference number.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following detailed description of the present invention refers tothe accompanying drawings that illustrate exemplary embodimentsconsistent with this invention. Other embodiments are possible, andmodifications may be made to the embodiments within the spirit and scopeof the invention. Therefore, the detailed description is not meant tolimit the invention. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined bythe appended claims.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a block diagram of a conventional equalizerusing a Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm to update the equalizercoefficients. As shown in FIG. 1, conventional equalizer 100 operatesupon an input signal to produce an equalized output. In an exemplaryembodiment, the input signal may be a demodulated data stream from asatellite communication system. During transmission, the propagationmedium of the communication channel may introduce distortion into thetransmitted modulated data stream causing the input signal of theconventional equalizer 100 to differ from the transmitted modulated datastream. Noise, signal strength variations known as fading, phase shiftvariations, or multiple path delays known as multi-path propagation mayintroduce distortion into the transmitted modulated data stream.Conventional equalizer 100 may compensate for the distortion caused bythe communication channel provided the input signal does not contain afast dynamic distortion.

Conventional equalizer 100 generates the equalized output using a feedforward equalizer (FFE) 102. The invention is not limited to the use ofa feed forward equalizer. Rather, it will be apparent to persons skilledin the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein that other equalizers,such as a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) to provide an example, arewithin the scope and spirit of the present invention. Provided the inputsignal does not contain a fast dynamic distortion, the equalized outputcontains a reduction in the distortion caused by the communicationchannel when compared to the input signal.

During operation, the FFE 102 loads the symbol content of the inputsignal into i registers R₁ through R_(i) of FFE Data Register 106. In anexemplary embodiment, the FFE Data Register 106 is a serial shiftregister that serially loads the symbol content of the input signal intoi registers R₁ through R_(i) of the FFE Data Register 106. A multiplier108 then multiplies the symbol content of the input signal stored in theregisters R₁ through R_(i) of the FFE Data Register 106 by a respectiveequalizer coefficient c to produce a weighted output W. Morespecifically, multiplier 108 contains i multipliers 108.1 through 108.ito multiply a corresponding equalizer coefficient c₁ through c_(i) withthe corresponding symbol content of the input signal stored in theregisters R₁ through R_(i) to produce a corresponding weighted output W₁through W_(i). For example, the multiplier 108.1 multiplies theequalizer coefficient c₁ with the symbol content of the input signalstored in the register R₁ to produce weighted the output W₁. The FFE 102then forms the equalized output by combining the weighted outputs W₁through W_(i) using a summer 112. Provided the input signal does notcontain a fast dynamic distortion, the distortion embedded in theequalized output distortion is reduced in comparison to the inputsignal.

After generating the equalized output, FFE 102 updates the equalizercoefficient c using the FFE coefficient update module 110 according tothe Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm. The LMS algorithm is well knownin the art. The updated, or next, set of equalizer coefficients c₁through c_(i) may be expressed as:

{right arrow over (C)} _(k+1) ={right arrow over (C)} _(k)+Δ×ε_(k)×{right arrow over (R)}* _(k,)  (1)

where k represents the point in time where equalizer coefficients c₁through c_(i) are updated, {right arrow over (C)}_(k+1) represents thenext set of equalizer coefficients c₁ through c_(i), {right arrow over(C)}_(k) represents the current set of equalizer coefficients c₁ throughc_(i), Δ represents the equalizer step size, ε_(k) represents the slicererror for the current value of the equalized output, and {right arrowover (R)}*_(k) represents the conjugate of the FFE Data Register vector.The equalizer step size, Δ, relates to the speed at which the equalizercoefficients c₁ through c_(i) update. In an exemplary embodiment,conventional equalizer 100 may program Δ into the coefficient updatemodule 110. The LMS algorithm adapts the coefficients to minimize theerror term ε_(k) in the mean squared sense.

A dynamic distortion is a type of distortion caused by the communicationchannel that may fluctuate over time and may be characterized as fast orslow depending on the rate of fluctuation. The ability of equalizer 100to compensate for dynamic distortion is limited by a maximum value ofthe equalizer step size Δ. As used herein, a slow dynamic distortion isa distortion caused by the communication channel that equalizer 100 maycompensate for by using the maximum value for the equalizer step size Δ.Otherwise, a fast dynamic distortion, as used herein, is a distortioncaused by the communication channel that equalizer 100 may notcompensate using the maximum value for the equalizer step size Δ.

The slicer error ε_(k), denoted as 116 in FIG. 1, is the error of theequalized output relative to a chosen decision point. More specifically,a slicer 114 compares the equalized output with a correspondingthreshold level and chooses its best estimate of the transmitted signal.The estimate is also known as the slicer decision. The slicer errorε_(k) is defined as the difference between the slicer decision and theslicer input at time k. The FFE Data Register vector {right arrow over(R)}*_(k) may be defined as the conjugate of the content of the inputsignal in registers R₁ through R_(i) at time k. FFE Data Register vector{right arrow over (R)}*_(k) relates to the content of the input signalin the registers R₁ through R_(i) at substantially the same point intime when the slicer 114 decides the slicer error ε_(k). In an exemplaryembodiment, the FFE coefficient update module 110 generates {right arrowover (R)}*_(k) using the content of the input signal stored in theregisters R₁ through R_(i) of the FFE Data Register 106.

Conventional equalizer 100 may compensate for the distortion caused bythe communication channel provided the input signal does not contain afast dynamic distortion such as fast phase variation to provide anexample. When the input signal contains a dynamic distortion, theequalizer step size Δ for equalizer 100 must be set sufficiently largeto compensate for it. If the dynamic distortion is not compensated, theslicer error term ε_(k) cannot be effectively minimized, and theequalizer coefficients c₁ through c_(i) may not converge. However, alarge equalizer step size Δ may cause a large mean squared error at theequalizer output that increases the system bit error rate. A largeequalizer step size Δ may even cause divergence of the equalizercoefficients c₁ through c_(i). The maximum equalizer step size Δ thatensures convergence depends on the correlation statistics of the inputsignal.

A phase correction circuit is best suited to correct for phasevariations. Phase variations may be characterized as either a fastdynamic distortion or a slow dynamic distortion. A phase correctioncircuit can compensate for the phase variations whether the distortionis slow or fast. The adaptive equalizer may be used in conjunction withthe phase correcting circuit so that the phase variations can be removedprior to generation of the slicer error term ε_(k).

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a block diagram of an equalizer 200 using aphase correcting circuit according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. In high signal-to-noise ratio conditions, the equalizer 200includes a phase alignment module with an incorporated phase locked loop(PLL) that compensates for phase variations, thereby allowing theequalizer 200 to compensate for slow dynamic distortion caused by acommunication channel. However, in lower signal-to-noise ratioconditions, the phase alignment module with the incorporated PLL cannotreliably compensate for the phase variations, and therefore theequalizer 200 filter coefficients c₁ through c_(i) cannot be properlyadjusted to allow the equalizer 200 to correct for other types ofdistortion in the received signal.

The equalizer 200 includes a FFE 102 and a phase alignment module 202.The FFE 102 operates in a substantially similar manner as previouslydemonstrated in FIG. 1. In high signal-to-noise ratio conditions, thephase alignment module 202 corrects for unknown phase offsets in thereceived signal. The phase offset between the slicer error ε_(k),denoted as the slicer error 116, and the content of the input signal inregisters R₁ through R_(i) causes the equalizer 200 coefficient updatedefined in Equation 1 to not function properly. Therefore, after thephase alignment module 202 corrects for the unknown phase offsets in thereceived signal, it aligns the phase of the slicer error ε_(k) with thephase of the content of the input signal in the registers R₁ throughR_(i). As a result, the equalization coefficients c₁ through c_(i) maybe properly updated thereby allowing equalizer 200 to compensate for theslow dynamic distortion caused by the communication channel in highsignal-to-noise ratio conditions. However, in lower signal-to-noiseratio conditions, the phase alignment module with the incorporated phaselocked loop (PLL) cannot reliably correct for the unknown phase offsetsin the received signal, and therefore the equalization filtercoefficients c₁ through c_(i) cannot be properly adjusted. As a result,the equalizer 200 cannot reliably compensate for the slow dynamicdistortion caused by the communication channel in lower signal-to-noiseratio conditions.

The input signal may be a demodulated data stream with unknown phaseoffsets caused by the communication channel. An unknown phase offset inthe received satellite communication signal offsets the phase of theinput signal from the phase of the transmitted modulated data stream.For example, the propagation medium in the communication channel or themovement of the satellite can cause the unknown phase offsets. Theunknown phase offsets may also be referred to as phase variation. In anexemplary embodiment, the equalizer 200 receives the input signal from asatellite channel at a data rate of 20 Megasymbols per second (Msps).The symbol content of the equalized output contains substantiallysimilar unknown phase offsets when compared to the symbol content of theinput signal.

The phase alignment module 202 rather than the FFE 102 may compensatefor the unknown phase offsets in the symbol content of the input signal.The phase alignment module 202 includes a slicer 114, a conjugate module206, a multiplier 210, a multiplier 214, and a phase locked loop (PLL)218. As shown in FIG. 2, the phase alignment module 202 operates uponthe equalized output to produce a phase corrected signal 212.

A multiplier 214 multiplies the symbol content of the equalized outputwith a phase estimate 216 to produce a derotated output 204. In anexemplary embodiment, the derotated output may be used as an input toother systems within the receiver. The unknown phase offsets present inthe equalized output may rotate constellation points in itsconstellation diagram. A constellation diagram is a representation of adigital modulation scheme in the complex plane. For example, the unknownphase offsets in the equalized output for a 16-quadrature amplitudemodulation (QAM) communication signal may rotate the sixteenconstellation points an amount related to the unknown phase offsets. Themultiplier 214 multiplies the symbol content of the equalized output bythe phase estimate 216 to rotate the constellation points in theconstellation diagram in the opposite direction as the unknown phaseoffsets.

The phase estimate 216 is an estimation of the unknown phase offsetpresent in the symbol content of the equalized output. The PLL 218generates the phase estimate 216 based upon a slicer error 116. Morespecifically, the slicer 114 compares the derotated output 204 with acorresponding threshold level and chooses its best estimate of thetransmitted signal, referred to as a slicer decision. The slicer error116 may be defined as the difference between the slicer decision and theslicer input. The PLL 218 uses the slicer error 116 and the derotatedoutput 204 to create the phase estimate 216. The PLL 218 operatesreliably under high signal-to-noise ratio conditions. A highsignal-to-noise condition occurs when the magnitude of the equalizedoutput is substantially larger than the magnitude of any associatednoise. In this situation, the decisions of slicer 114 are relativelyaccurate, so the phase estimate 216 is relatively accurate. However, inlower signal-to-noise conditions, the difference between the magnitudeof the equalized output and the magnitude of the associated noisesubstantially lessens. In these lower signal-to-noise ratio conditions,the decisions of slicer 114 are relatively inaccurate, so the slicererror 116 is relatively inaccurate. As a result, the phase estimate 216may become corrupted, and the unknown phase offsets in the equalizedoutput may not be compensated for. Therefore, the filter coefficients c₁through c_(i) may not be properly adjusted. As a result, the equalizer200 may not be able to correct for slow dynamic distortion in thereceived signal.

The slicer error 116 is substantially relative to the slicer error ε_(k)as presented in equation 1. The phase alignment module 202 aligns thephase of slicer error 116 with the phase of the content of the inputsignal in registers R₁ through R_(i) to allow for the proper updating ofthe equalizer 200 coefficients c according to the LMS algorithm. Aconjugate module 206 operates upon the phase estimate 216 to produce acomplex conjugate of the phase estimate, denoted as a conjugated phaseestimate 208. A multiplier 210 multiplies the slicer error 116 and theconjugated phase estimate 208 to produce the phase corrected errorsignal 212. In other words, the multiplier 210 generates the phasecorrected signal 212 by rotating the slicer error 116 by the complexconjugate of the phase estimate 216, denoted as the conjugated phaseestimate 208. In high signal-to-noise ratio conditions, the phasecorrected signal 212 is the slicer error ε_(k) after it has been alignedwith the phase of the content of the input signal in the registers R₁through R_(i). The phase alignment allows for the proper updating of theequalizer 200 coefficients c₁ through c_(i) according to the LMSalgorithm. As previously mentioned, the slicer 114 and PLL 218 areunreliable for lower signal-to-noise ratio conditions.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a block diagram of an equalizer using aphase correcting circuit according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. In both high signal-to-noise ratio and lower signal-to-noiseratio conditions, an equalizer 300 may compensate for phase variationdistortion caused by a communication channel. More specifically, theequalizer 300 uses a phase correcting circuit that is capable ofcompensating for either slow or fast changing unknown phase offsets inboth high signal-to-noise ratio and lower signal-to-noise ratioconditions. The process of phase offset compensation introduces phaseoffsets between the slicer error ε_(k), which is denoted as slicer error316, and the phase of the content of the input signal in registers R₁through R_(i). The equalizer 300 realigns the phase of the slicer errorε_(k) with the phase of the content of the input signal in registers R₁through R_(i) prior to calculating {right arrow over (R)}_(k).

In an exemplary embodiment, the equalizer 300 uses a subset of the inputsymbols to correct for the unknown phase offsets in lowersignal-to-noise ratio conditions. A digital communication systemtypically involves transmitting a modulated data stream from atransmitter to a receiver over a communication channel. FIG. 4 is anillustration of a transmitted modulated data stream according to anembodiment of the present invention. The transmitted modulated datastream, denoted as a data stream 400, comprises k groups of data streamsymbols 404.1 through 404.k. In an exemplary embodiment, each individualgroup of data stream symbols in 404 is 1440 symbols in duration. Thoseskilled in the arts will recognize that the groups of data streamsymbols 404.1 through 404.k may be differing lengths.

The receiver may use the transmitted modulated data stream, denoted as adata stream 402, to compensate for unknown phase offsets in both highsignal-to-noise ratio and lower signal-to-noise ratio conditions. In anexemplary embodiment, the equalizer 300 uses a subset of the inputsignal stream to compensate for unknown phase offsets in lowersignal-to-noise ratio conditions The unknown phase offset compensationallows equalizer 300 to properly calculate the filter coefficients c₁through c_(i). Phase correction symbol 406 contains i groups of symbols406.1 through 406.i embedded periodically in the data stream 400. Forexample, the phase correction symbol group 406.1 as shown in locatedbetween data stream symbol groups 404.1 and 404.2. In an exemplaryembodiment, the phase correction symbols embedded in 406 may contain abinary phase shift keyed (BPSK), a quadrature phase shift keyed (QPSK)modulated data stream, or any other suitable modulation format so longas they allow for reliable phase estimation.

In another exemplary embodiment, the transmitter may embed phasecorrection symbol 406 with known pilot symbols. In an exemplaryembodiment, each group of pilot symbols is 36 symbols in duration. Thepilot symbols allow equalizer 300 to compensate for unknown phaseoffsets in both high signal-to-noise ratio and lower signal-to-noiseratio conditions. The unknown phase offset compensation allows equalizer300 to properly calculate the filter coefficients c₁ through c_(i).Those skilled in the art will recognize that the pilot symbol groups maybe of any length, so long as they are of sufficient duration long toallow for reliable phase estimation.

Referring back to FIG. 3, the equalizer 300 includes a FFE 302 and aphase alignment module 304. The phase correction symbols embedded in theinput signal require supplemental hardware for the FFE 302; otherwise,the FFE 302 operates in a substantially similar manner as the FFE 102 aspreviously demonstrated in FIG. 1. More specifically, the FFE 302includes a delay line 308 and a modified FFE coefficient update module310.

According to the LMS algorithm, as shown in equation 1, the properupdate of equalizer filter coefficients c₁ through c_(i) requires thephase and time alignment of the slicer error ε_(k) with the input signalin registers R₁ through R_(i) The phase alignment module 304 estimatesthe unknown phase offsets present in the symbol content of the phasecorrection symbol 406 as shown in FIG. 4. The phase alignment moduleuses the estimates derived from the phase correction symbol 406 tocorrect for the unknown phase offsets in data stream 402. The phasealignment module 304 may buffer or delay the equalizer output until thephase correction module 306 estimates the unknown phase offsets presentin the symbol content of multiple groups of phase correction symbols406. As a result of the delay imposed on the equalized output and byextension the slicer error signal ε_(k) the input symbol vector {rightarrow over (R)}*_(k) must incur a matching delay to properly update theequalizer coefficients c₁ through c_(i) using the LMS algorithm. In anexemplary embodiment, delay line 308 delays the conjugate of the FFEData Register vector {right arrow over (R)}*_(k) an amount substantiallyequal to the amount of delay present in the phase alignment module 304.The amount of delay present in the phase alignment module determines thesize of delay line 308.

In an exemplary embodiment, the equalizer coefficients c₁ through c_(i)may be updated every symbol. In another exemplary embodiment, theequalizer coefficients c₁ through c_(i) are updated using only theportion of the equalized output corresponding to phase correctionsymbols. For this exemplary embodiment, delay line 308 may beimplemented using a memory, such a random access memory to provide anexample, to store those FFE input symbols that are present in the FFEData Register 106 when the equalized output contains phase correctionsymbols. The number of elements in the memory is equivalent to the sumof the number of phase correction symbols in a group of phase correctionsymbols and the number of multipliers 108 in the FFE 302 minus one. Thesize of the memory may be substantially smaller than the delay line thatwould be required if the equalizer coefficients were updated everysymbol. In this exemplary embodiment, the memory includes a phasecorrection enable signal that transfers a set of stored symbols to themodified FFE coefficient update module 310 at the instant in time whenthe slicer error ε_(k) corresponds to a phase correction symbol.Similarly, the modified FFE coefficient update module 310 may include aphase correction enable signal that allows the update of the equalizercoefficients c₁ through c_(i) to occur when the slicer error ε_(k)corresponds to a pilot symbol.

In high signal-to-noise ratio and lower signal-to-noise ratioconditions, the phase alignment module 304 aligns the phase of slicererror ε_(k) with the phase of the content of the input signal inregisters R₁ through R_(i). The phase alignment module 304 includes aphase correction module 306, a summer 328, a conjugate module 206, and amultiplier 210. The phase correction module is the mechanism by whichthe equalizer 300 substantially corrects for the unknown phase offsetsin the symbol content of the equalized output. The phase correctionmodule 306 includes a delay line 312, a multiplier 214, a phase estimatemodule 330, a delay module 332, a summer 320, a scalar 336, and a DirectDigital Frequency Synthesizer (DDFS) 338.

The equalized output is embedded with phase correction symbols as shownin FIG. 4. The symbol content of the equalized output containssubstantially similar unknown phase offsets when compared to the symbolcontent of the input signal.

The delay line 312 produces a delayed equalized output 314 by delayingthe symbol content of the equalized output until the phase alignmentmodule 304 estimates the unknown phase offsets present in the symbolcontent of adjacent groups of phase correction symbols. In an exemplaryembodiment, the delay line 312 delays the symbol content of theequalized output by the number of symbols located between adjacentgroups of phase correction symbols. For example, if the data locatedbetween adjacent groups of phase correction symbols is 1440 symbols inlength, and the phase correction symbol groups are 36 symbols in length,then the delay line 312 may delay the equalized output by 1476 symbols.

The phase estimate block 330 generates an estimate of the unknown phaseoffset present in the equalizer output based on a group of phasecorrection symbols. The phase correction module 306 may use one or morephase estimates to correct the symbol content of the equalized outputfor the unknown phase offsets. A delay module 332 delays the phaseestimate 318 to produce a delayed phase estimate 334. More specifically,the delay module 332 delays the phase estimate 318 until the phasecorrection module 306 locates an adjacent group of phase correctionsymbols. After locating the adjacent group of phase correction symbols,the delayed phase estimate 334 and the current phase estimate 318 may becombined to correct the symbol content of the equalized output for theunknown phase offsets. To determine whether the symbol content of theequalized output is a phase correction symbol, the equalizer 300 may usea header acquisition system, a frame synchronization process, or anyother suitable means.

Summer 320 generates an offset estimation 322 using the differencebetween the current phase estimate 318 and the delayed phase estimate334. For example, as previously shown in FIG. 4, if the phase correctionsymbol group denoted as 406.1, contains a phase offset of 10.0 degrees,the phase estimate module 330 may generate a phase estimate 318corresponding to 10.0 degrees. Upon location of the adjacent phasecorrection symbol group, in this case denoted 406.2, the delay module332 generates the delayed phase estimate 334. Delayed phase estimate 334is a delayed version of the phase estimate 318. If the phase correctionsymbol group 406.2 contains an offset of 15.0 degrees, phase estimatemodule 330 may generate a phase estimate 318 that corresponds to 15.0degrees. Summer 320 then generates an offset estimation 322corresponding to 5.0 degrees by subtracting the phase estimate 318 fromthe delayed phase estimate 334.

A scalar 336 scales the offset estimate 322 to produce a scaledestimation 324. More specifically, the scalar 336 divides the offsetestimate 322 by an amount equal to the number of symbols located betweenthe adjacent groups of phase correction symbols. For example, the scalar336 may divide the offset estimate 322 by 1476. A DDFS 338 integratesthe scaled estimation 324 over time to produce a linear phase ramp. Itthen converts the phase ramp into a sinusoidal complex representation,where the phase of each component sinusoidal output is a linear rampover time. In an exemplary embodiment, a DDFS output 326 a and a DDFSoutput 326 b are substantially equivalent. The phase correction module306 uses the DDFS output 326 to compensate for the unknown phase offsetspresent in the equalized output.

The phase ramp that underlies the DDFS output 326 is a substantiallylinear function whose slope is dependent on the phase difference betweenadjacent groups of phase correction symbols. If the difference betweenthe phase of the adjacent groups of phase correction symbols isnegative, for example, the phase correction symbol group 406.1 has asubstantially greater unknown phase offset than the phase correctionsymbol group 406.2 as shown in FIG. 4, then the phase ramp thatunderlies the DDFS output 326 is a substantially decreasing linearfunction. In this case, the phase ramp that underlies the DDFS output326 will have a maximum value when evaluating the symbol contentadjacent to the phase correction symbol group 406.1. The phase ramp thatunderlies the DDFS output 326 will have a minimum value when evaluatingthe symbol content adjacent to phase correction symbol group 406.2. Onthe other hand, if the difference between the phases of the adjacentphase correction symbol groups is positive, for example, when the phasecorrection symbol group 406.1 has a substantially lesser unknown phaseoffset than the phase correction symbol group 406.2 as shown in FIG. 4,the phase ramp that underlies the DDFS output 326 is a substantiallyincreasing linear function. In this case, phase ramp that underlies theDDFS output 326 will have a minimum value when evaluating the symbolcontent adjacent to 406.1. The phase ramp that underlies the DDFS output326 will have a maximum value when evaluating the symbol contentadjacent to 406.2.

Multiplier 214 multiplies each individual symbol of the delay lineoutput 314, which is embedded with substantially similar symbols as theequalized output, with a corresponding value from the DDFS output 326 ato produce a derotated output 204. The unknown phase offset may rotateconstellation points in the constellation diagram of the equalizedoutput. A constellation diagram is a representation of a digitalmodulation scheme in the complex plane. For example, the unknown phaseoffset in the equalized output for a 16-quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM) communication signal may rotate the sixteen constellation pointsan amount related to the unknown phase offset. Multiplier 214 multipliesthe symbol content of the delayed equalizer output by a correspondingvalue from the DDFS output 326 a to rotate the constellation points inthe constellation diagram in the opposite direction as the unknown phaseoffset.

A slicer error 316 is substantially relative to the slicer error ε_(k)as presented in equation 1. In an exemplary embodiment, the equalizercoefficients are updated when the slicer error ε_(k) corresponds to aphase correction symbol. A summer 328 forms the slicer error 316 bysubtracting the known phase correction symbols from the derotated output204 when the derotated output 204 corresponds to a phase correctionsymbol. Equalizer 300 may regenerate the phase correction symbols usingany suitable means.

The phase alignment module 304 aligns the phase of the slicer error 316with the content of the input signal in registers R₁ through R_(i) toallow for the proper updating of the equalizer coefficients c₁ throughc_(i) according to the LMS algorithm. Conjugate module 206 conjugatesthe DDFS output 326 b to produce a conjugated phase estimate 208 whoseelements are complex conjugates of the elements in DDFS output 326 b.Multiplier 210 multiplies the slicer error 316 and the conjugated phaseestimate 208 to produce the phase corrected signal 212. In other words,multiplier 210 generates the phase corrected signal 212 by rotating theslicer error 316 by the complex conjugate of the signal used to rotatethe delayed equalized output 314. The signal 212 is a slicer error ε_(k)that is time and phase aligned with the content of the input signal indelay line 308 allowing equalizer 300 to properly update the equalizercoefficients c₁ through c_(i) according to the LMS algorithm.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of exemplary operational steps of an equalizeraccording to a first aspect of the present invention. The invention isnot limited to this operational description. Rather, it will be apparentto persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein thatother operational control flows are within the scope and spirit of thepresent invention. The following discussion describes the steps in FIG.5.

At step 502, the equalizer loads a symbol from the symbol content of theinput signal into a serial shift register. The input signal may be ademodulated data stream with unknown phase offsets resulting from slowor fast dynamic distortion. An unknown phase offset in the receivedsatellite communication signal offsets the phase of the input signalfrom the phase of the transmitted modulated data stream. For example,the propagation medium in the communication channel or the movement ofthe satellite can cause the unknown phase offset. The transmitter mayembed phase correction symbols into the input signal to allow a phasecorrection circuit to correct for the unknown phase offsets in lowersignal-to-noise ratio and high signal-to-noise ratio conditions.

At step 504, the equalizer delays the symbols stored in the serial shiftregister by an amount substantially equal to the delay through the phasealignment module 304. The phase alignment module compensates for theunknown phase offsets in the received symbol stream. The equalizerdelays the symbols stored in the serial shift register to time align theslicer error ε_(k) with the symbols stored in the serial shift register.In an exemplary embodiment, the equalizer time aligns only those symbolsthat correspond to a phase correction symbol at the equalizer output.

At step 508, the equalizer multiplies each symbol stored in the serialshift register by a corresponding equalizer coefficient. Morespecifically, the equalizer weights each symbol stored in the serialshift register during step 502 by multiplying each symbol with acorresponding equalizer coefficient from step 506.

At step 510, the equalizer then combines all of the weighted symbols toform an equalized output. In other words, the equalizer combines theweighted symbols generated in step 508 into a single symbol denoted asthe equalized output represented by step 516. The symbol content of theequalized output contains a reduction in the distortion caused by thecommunication channel when compared to the symbol content of the inputsignal.

At step 516, the equalizer presents the equalized output to a phasecorrection module, represented by step 518, to initiate the process ofcompensating unknown phase offsets resulting from the fast or slowdynamic distortion embedded in the received symbol stream.

At step 518, a phase correction module generates estimates of theunknown phase offsets present in adjacent groups of phase correctionsymbols. The phase correction module then uses the difference betweenthe phase estimates for adjacent groups of phase correction symbols togenerate a phase ramp that is used to correct for the unknown phaseoffset. Step 518 is explained in further detail below in FIG. 6.

At step 522, the equalizer produces a phase aligned slicer error ε_(k)represented by step 520. More specifically, the equalizer firstgenerates the slicer error ε_(k) then aligns the phase of the slicererror ε_(k) with the phase of the symbols stored in the serial shiftregister. Step 522 is explained in further detail below in FIG. 7.

At step 512, an equalizer coefficient update block calculates thegradient, which is the product of the slicer error ε_(k) and the complexconjugate of the FFE Data Register vector {right arrow over (R)}*_(k).More specifically, the equalizer calculates the product of the complexconjugate of the delayed version of the symbols stored in the serialshift register from step 504 and the phase aligned slicer error ε_(k)from step 520. In an exemplary embodiment, the equalizer calculates thegradient only when the phase aligned slicer error ε_(k) corresponds to aphase correction symbol.

At step 514, the equalizer updates the equalizer coefficients c₁ throughc_(i) according to the LMS algorithm. More specifically, the equalizerupdates the equalizer coefficients by combining the current set ofequalizer coefficients with the product of the gradient from step 512and the equalizer step size Δ. In an exemplary embodiment, the equalizerupdates the equalizer coefficients only when the phase aligned slicererror ε_(k) corresponds to a phase correction symbol.

After updating the coefficients in step 514, the equalizer stores theupdated coefficients in step 506 and returns to step 502 to load thenext symbol of the input signal into the register.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of exemplary operational steps of a phasecorrection module according to an aspect of the present invention. Inother words, FIG. 6 further defines step 518 as shown in FIG. 5. Theinvention is not limited to this operational description. Rather, itwill be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from theteachings herein that other operational control flows are within thescope and spirit of the present invention. The following discussiondescribes the steps in FIG. 6.

Referring back to FIG. 5, the phase correction module estimates thedifference in the unknown phase offset between adjacent groups of phasecorrection symbols and generates a phase ramp that is used to correctfor the unknown phase offsets during step 518.

At step 602, the equalizer reads a symbol from the symbol content of theequalized output. The equalizer uses phase correction symbols embeddedwithin the symbol content of the equalized output to estimate theunknown phase offsets embedded in the received symbol stream.

At step 604, the equalizer buffers or delays the symbol read in step 602until the equalizer ascertains the unknown phase offsets present in thesymbol content of adjacent groups of phase correction symbols. Once theequalizer ascertains the unknown phase offsets present in the symbolcontent of adjacent groups of phase correction symbols, the equalizermay then compensate for the unknown phase offsets associated with thesymbols located between the adjacent groups of phase correction symbols.

At step 606, the equalizer determines whether the symbol content of theequalized output read in step 602 is the last phase correction symbol ina group of phase correction symbols. To determine whether the symbolcontent of the equalized output is a phase correction symbol, theequalizer may use a header acquisition system, a frame synchronizationprocess, or any other suitable means. If the symbol content of theequalized output is the last phase correction symbol in a group of phasecorrection symbols, the equalizer proceeds onto step 610 to estimate theunknown phase offset present within the group of phase correctionsymbols. Otherwise, the equalizer returns to step 602 to read the nextsymbol of the equalized output.

At step 610, the equalizer estimates the unknown phase offset presentwithin the group of pilot symbols.

At step 608, the equalizer delays the phase estimate. More specifically,the equalizer buffers or delays the phase estimate generated in step 610until the location of the next group of phase correction symbolsadjacent to the current group of phase correction symbols. Upon locationof the adjacent group of phase correction symbols, the equalizer entersback into 610 and generates another phase estimate.

At step 612, the equalizer calculates the difference between the currentphase estimate and a previous phase estimate to determine the unknownphase offset between adjacent groups of phase correction symbols. Forexample, if the phase correction symbol group 406.1, as previously shownin FIG. 4, contains a phase offset of 10.0 degrees, the equalizer maygenerate a phase estimate corresponding to 10.0 degrees in step 610.Upon location of the adjacent phase correction symbol group, in thiscase 406.2, the equalizer delays or buffers the phase estimate from step610 in step 608 and then returns to step 610. If the pilot symbol 406.2contains an offset of 15.0 degrees, the equalizer may generate a phaseestimate corresponding to 15.0 degrees in step 610. At step 612, theequalizer subtracts the delayed phase estimate from step 608 with thephase estimate of step 610 to estimate the unknown phase offsetdifference.

At step 614, the equalizer generates a scaled phase ramp based upon thedifference of step 612. The equalizer first scales the difference fromstep 612. More specifically, the equalizer may divide the difference ofstep 612 by an amount equal to the number of symbols located betweenadjacent groups of phase correction symbols. For example, when the datalocated between adjacent groups of phase correction symbols is 1440symbols in length, and the number of symbols in a phase correctionsymbol group is 36, the equalizer may divide the difference of step 612by 1476. The equalizer next integrates the scaled phase offset over timeto produce a linear phase ramp. It then converts the phase ramp into asinusoidal complex representation, where the phase of each componentsinusoidal output is a linear ramp over time. The phase ramp is asubstantially linear function whose slope is dependent on the differencein phase offset between adjacent groups of phase correction symbols. Ifthe difference between the phase offsets of the adjacent groups of phasecorrection symbols is negative, for example, the phase correction symbolgroup 406.1 has a substantially greater unknown phase offset than phasecorrection symbol group 406.2 as shown in FIG. 4, and the phase ramp isa substantially decreasing linear function. In this case, the phase rampwill have a maximum value when evaluating the symbol content adjacent tothe phase correction symbol group 406.1. The phase ramp will have aminimum value when evaluating the symbol content adjacent to the phasecorrection symbol group 406.2. On the other hand, if the differencebetween the phase offsets of the adjacent groups of phase correctionsymbols is positive, for example, the phase correction symbol group406.1 has a substantially lesser unknown phase offset than the phasecorrection symbols group 406.2 as shown in FIG. 4, the phase ramp is asubstantially increasing linear function. In this case, phase ramp willhave a minimum value when evaluating the symbol content adjacent to406.1. The phase ramp will have a maximum value when evaluating thesymbol content adjacent to 406.2.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of exemplary operational steps of a phasealignment module according to an aspect of the present invention. Theinvention is not limited to this operational description. In otherwords, FIG. 7 further defines step 522 as shown in FIG. 5. Rather, itwill be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from theteachings herein that other operational control flows are within thescope and spirit of the present invention. The following discussiondescribes the steps in FIG. 7.

At step 702, the equalizer multiplies the delayed symbol content of theequalized output from step 604 by the DDFS output generated in step 614to derotate the delayed symbol content of the equalized output. In otherwords, the unknown phase offset may rotate constellation points in theconstellation diagram of the equalized output. A constellation diagramis a representation of a digital modulation scheme in the complex plane.For example, the unknown phase offset in the equalized output for a16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) communication signal may rotatethe sixteen constellation points an amount related to the unknown phaseoffset. At step 702, the equalizer multiplies the delayed symbol contentof the equalized output from step 604 by the DDFS output generated instep 614 to rotate the constellation points in the constellation diagramin the opposite direction as the unknown phase offset

At step 704, the equalizer may regenerate the phase correction symbolsusing any suitable means.

At step 706, the equalizer generates the slicer error ε_(k), representedby step 708, by subtracting the phase correction symbols generated instep 704 from the derotated output of step 702. In an exemplaryembodiment, the equalizer generates the slicer error ε_(k) when itcorresponds to a pilot symbol

At step 710, the equalizer conjugates the DDFS output of step 614 toproduce its complex conjugate.

At step 712, the equalizer multiplies the slicer error ε_(k) of step 708and the conjugated DDFS output of step 710 to align the phase of theslicer error ε_(k) with the corresponding delayed shift register symbolsstored during step 504. In other words, the equalizer aligns the phaseof the slicer error ε_(k) with the corresponding delayed shift registersymbols stored during step 504 by rotating the slicer error ε_(k) by theconjugated DDFS output of step 710. Once the phase of the slicer errorε_(k) aligns with the phase of the content of the delayed shift registersymbols, the equalizer 300 may update the equalizer coefficients c₁through c_(i) according to the LMS algorithm.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of a block diagram of an equalizer using aphase correcting circuit according to a further exemplary embodiment ofthe present invention. In both high signal-to-noise ratio and lowersignal-to-noise ratio conditions, an equalizer 800 may compensate forphase variation distortion caused by a communication channel. Morespecifically, the equalizer 800 uses a phase correcting circuit that iscapable of compensating for either slow or fast changing unknown phaseoffsets in both high signal-to-noise ratio and lower signal-to-noiseratio conditions. The process of phase offset compensation introducesphase offsets between the slicer error ε_(k), denoted as slicer error816 in FIG. 8, and the phase of the content of the input signal inregisters R₁ through R_(i). The equalizer 800 realigns the phase of theslicer error ε_(k) with the phase of the content of the input signal inregisters R₁ through R_(i) prior to calculating {right arrow over(R)}_(k). As a result, the equalizer 800 may compensate for thedistortion caused by the communication channel in high signal-to-noiseratio and lower signal-to-noise ratio conditions.

In an exemplary embodiment, the equalizer 800 uses a phase correctionsymbol embedded in the input signal, to correct for unknown phaseoffsets. The equalizer 800 operates in a substantially similar manner asthe equalizer 300 in terms of the method by which it produces thederotated output 204. However, the equalizer 300 and equalizer 800differ in the method by which they compensate for the unknown phaseoffsets in the error signal used to update the equalizer coefficients c₁through c_(i). Referring back to FIG. 3, the equalizer 300 contains apotentially long delay in the feedback path to the coefficient updatemodule 310. Delay line 312 delays the symbol content of the equalizedoutput until the phase alignment module 304 estimates the unknown phaseoffsets present in the symbol content of adjacent groups of phasecorrection symbols. A linear phase ramp is generated between theadjacent phase estimates to correct for the unknown phase offsets in theequalized output. The delay in the feedback path to the coefficientupdate module 310 may substantially limit the ability of equalizer 300to track fast changing dynamic distortion.

By contrast, the equalizer 800 contains a path to the coefficient updatemodule 310 that is traversed only by group of phase correction symbols.The phase estimate generated by a group of phase correction symbolscorrects for the unknown phase offset in that same group. The correctedphase correction symbols are then used to update the equalizercoefficients c₁ through c_(i). By using the current phase estimaterather than a linear phase ramp, the delay in the feedback path to thecoefficient update module 310 is substantially reduced when compared toequalizer 300, thereby enhancing the equalizer's ability to trackrapidly changing distortion. The constant phase correction is lessaccurate than the linear phase correction, but the inaccuracy is smallover the duration of a set of phase correction symbols.

The equalizer 800 includes a FFE 302 and a phase alignment module 802.The FFE 302 operates in a substantially similar manner as the FFE 302 aspreviously demonstrated in FIG. 3. In high signal-to-noise ratio andlower signal-to-noise ratio conditions, the phase alignment module 802aligns the phase of slicer error ε_(k) with the phase of the content ofthe input signal in registers R₁ through R_(i). The phase alignmentmodule 802 includes a phase correction module 804, a summer 814, aconjugate module 820, and a multiplier 210. The phase correction module804 is the mechanism by which the equalizer 800 substantially correctsfor the unknown phase offsets in the symbol content of the equalizedoutput. The phase correction module 804 includes a delay line 312, amultiplier 214, a phase estimate module 330, a delay module 332, asummer 320, a scalar 336, a Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer (DDFS)822, a delay line 806, a sine/cosine look up table 826, and a multiplier810.

The equalized output is embedded with phase correction symbols as shownin FIG. 4. The symbol content of the equalized output containssubstantially similar unknown phase offsets compared to the symbolcontent of the input signal.

The delay line 312 produces a delayed equalized output 314 by delayingthe symbol content of the equalized output until the phase correctionmodule 804 estimates the unknown phase offsets present in the symbolcontent of adjacent groups of phase correction symbols. The delayedequalized output 314 is embedded with substantially similar symbols asthe equalized output. In an exemplary embodiment, the delay line 312delays the symbol content of the equalized output by the number ofsymbols located between adjacent groups of phase correction symbols. Forexample, if the data located between adjacent groups of phase correctionsymbols is 1440 symbols in length, and the groups of phase correctionsymbols are 36 symbols in length, then the delay line 312 may delay theequalized output by 1476 symbols.

The phase estimate block 330 generates an estimate of the unknown phaseoffset present in the equalizer output for a group of phase correctionsymbols. The phase correction module 804 may use multiple estimates tocorrect the symbol content of the equalized output for the unknown phaseoffsets. In an exemplary embodiment, a delay module 332 delays the phaseestimate 318 to produce a delayed phase estimate 334. More specifically,the delay module 332 delays the phase estimate 318 until the phasecorrection module 804 locates an adjacent group of phase correctionsymbols. After location of the adjacent group of phase correctionsymbols, the delayed phase estimate 334 and the current phase estimate318 may be combined to correct the symbol content of the equalizedoutput for the unknown phase offsets. To determine whether the symbolcontent of the equalized output is a phase correction symbol, theequalizer 800 may use a header acquisition system, a framesynchronization process, or any other suitable means.

Summer 320 generates an offset estimation 322 using the differencebetween the current phase estimate 318 and the delayed phase estimate334. For example, as previously shown in FIG. 4, if the group of phasecorrection symbols denoted 406.1, contains a phase offset of 10.0degrees, the phase estimate module 330 may generate a phase estimate 318corresponding to 10.0 degrees. Upon location of the adjacent group ofphase correction symbols, in this case denoted 406.2, the delay module332 generates the delayed phase estimate 334. Delayed phase estimate 334is a delayed version of the phase estimate 318. If the group of phasecorrection symbols 406.2 contains an offset of 15.0 degrees, phaseestimate module 330 may generate a phase estimate 318 that correspondsto 15.0 degrees. Summer 320 then generates an offset estimation 322corresponding to 5.0 degrees by subtracting the phase estimate 318 fromthe delayed phase estimate 334. A scalar 336 scales the offset estimate332 to produce a scaled estimation 324. More specifically, the scalar336 divides the offset estimate 332 by an amount equal to the number ofsymbols located between the adjacent groups of phase correction symbols.For example, the scalar 336 may divide the offset estimate 322 by 1476.A DDFS 822 integrates the scaled estimation 324 over time to produce alinear phase ramp then converts the phase ramp into a sinusoidal complexrepresentation, where the phase of each component sinusoidal output is alinear ramp over time. The phase correction module 804 uses a DDFSoutput 824 to compensate for the unknown phase offsets present in theequalized output.

The phase ramp that underlies DDFS output 824 is a substantially linearfunction whose slope is dependent on the difference in the unknown phaseoffsets of the adjacent groups of phase correction symbols. If thedifference between the unknown phase offsets of the adjacent groups ofphase correction symbols is negative, for example, the phase correctionsymbol group 406.1 has a substantially greater unknown phase offset thanthe phase correction symbol group 406.2 as shown in FIG. 4, the phaseramp that underlies DDFS output 824 is a substantially decreasing linearfunction. In this case, the phase ramp that underlies DDFS output 824will have a maximum value when evaluating the symbol content adjacent tothe phase correction symbol group 406.1. The phase ramp that underliesDDFS output 824 will have a minimum value when evaluating the symbolcontent adjacent to phase correction symbol group 406.2. On the otherhand, if the difference between the unknown phase offsets of theadjacent groups of phase correction symbols is positive, for example,when the phase correction symbol group 406.1 has a substantially lesserunknown phase offset than the phase correction symbol 406.2 group asshown in FIG. 4, the phase ramp that underlies DDFS output 824 is asubstantially increasing linear function. In this case, phase ramp thatunderlies DDFS output 824 will have a minimum value when evaluating thesymbol content adjacent to 406.1. The phase ramp that underlies DDFSoutput 824 will have a maximum value when evaluating the symbol contentadjacent to 406.2.

Multiplier 214 multiplies each individual symbol of the delay lineoutput 314, which is embedded with substantially similar symbols as theequalized output, with a corresponding value from the DDFS output 824 toproduce a derotated output 204. The unknown phase offset may rotateconstellation points in the constellation diagram of the equalizedoutput. A constellation diagram is a representation of a digitalmodulation scheme in the complex plane. For example, the unknown phaseoffset in the equalized output for a 16-quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM) communication signal may rotate the sixteen constellation pointsan amount related to the unknown phase offset. Multiplier 214 multipliesthe symbol content of the delayed equalizer output by a correspondingvalue from the DDFS output 824 to rotate the constellation points in theconstellation diagram in the opposite direction as the unknown phaseoffset.

The delay line 806 produces a delayed equalized output 808 thatcorresponds only to phase correction symbols. The equalized outputsymbols that correspond to a group of phase correction symbols aredelayed until the phase estimate 330 generates the estimate of theunknown phase offsets present in the symbol content of that group ofphase correction symbols. In an exemplary embodiment, the delay line 806delays phase correction symbols by the duration of the phase correctionsymbols. For example, if the phase correction symbols are 36 symbols inlength, then the delay line 806 may delay the equalized output by 36symbols. This delay is generally far shorter than the delay in delayline 312.

A sine/cosine look up table 828 translates the output of the phaseestimate block 330 to a sinusoidal complex representation, where thephase of each component sinusoidal output is equal to the phaseestimate. A multiplier 810 multiplies the symbol content of the delayedequalized output 808 with the sinusoidal output 836 produce a derotatedoutput 812. The multiplier 810 multiplies the symbol content of thedelayed equalized output 808 by the sinusoidal output 836 to rotate theconstellation points in the constellation diagram in the oppositedirection as the unknown phase offset.

A slicer error 816 is substantially relative to the slicer error ε_(k)as presented in equation 1. In an exemplary embodiment, the equalizercoefficients are updated when the slicer error ε_(k) corresponds to aphase correction symbol. A summer 814 forms the slicer error 816 bysubtracting the known phase correction symbols from the derotated output812 when the derotated output 812 corresponds to a phase correctionsymbols. Equalizer 800 may regenerate the phase correction symbols usingany suitable means.

The phase alignment module 802 aligns the phase of the slicer error 816with the content of the input signal in registers R₁ through R_(i) toallow for the proper updating of the equalizer coefficients c₁ throughc_(i) according to the LMS algorithm. Conjugate module 820 conjugatesthe output of the look up table 828 to produce a conjugated signal 818whose elements are complex conjugates of the output of look up table828. Multiplier 210 multiplies the slicer error 816 and the conjugatedsignal 818 to produce the phase corrected signal 212. In other words,multiplier 210 generates the phase corrected signal 212 by rotating theslicer error 816 by the complex conjugate of the signal 836 used torotate the delayed equalized output 808. The signal 212 is a slicererror ε_(k) that is time and phase aligned with the content of the inputsignal in registers R₁ through R_(i) allowing equalizer 800 to updatethe equalizer coefficients c₁ through c_(i) according to the LMSalgorithm.

CONCLUSION

While various embodiments of the present invention have been describedabove, it should be understood that they have been presented by way ofexample, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled inthe relevant arts that various changes in form and detail can be madetherein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.Thus the present invention should not be limited by any of theabove-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only inaccordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

1. An equalization circuit to compensate for distortion in a receiveddata stream, the distortion in the received data stream including anunknown phase offset, comprising: an equalizer module configured tocompensate for the distortion based upon a plurality of equalizercoefficients to provide an equalized output; and a phase alignmentmodule configured to adjust a phase of the equalized output tocompensate for the unknown phase offset to provide a phase correctedsignal, wherein the equalizer module is configured to adjust theplurality of equalizer coefficients based upon the phase correctedsignal.
 2. The equalization circuit of claim 1, wherein the equalizermodule comprises: a data register module configured to store thereceived data stream into a plurality of registers to provide aplurality of stored data symbols; a plurality of multiplier modules,each of the plurality of multiplier modules being configured to multiplya corresponding one of the plurality of stored data symbols and acorresponding one of the plurality of equalizer coefficients to providea corresponding one of a plurality of weighted outputs; a summer moduleconfigured to combine the plurality of weighted outputs to provide theequalized outputs; and a coefficient update module configured to adjustthe plurality of equalizer coefficients based upon the phase correctedsignal using a mathematical algorithm and to provide the plurality ofequalizer coefficients to the plurality of multiplier modules.
 3. Theequalization circuit of claim 2, wherein the mathematical algorithm is aLeast Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm.
 4. The equalization circuit of claim1, wherein the phase alignment module comprises: a first multipliermodule configured to multiply the equalized output with a phase estimateto provide a derotated output, the phase estimate representing anestimate of the unknown phase offset; a slicer configured to estimate atransmitted data stream based upon the derotated output and to determinea difference between an estimate of the transmitted data stream and thederotated output to provide a slicer error; a phase locked loop (PLL)configured to provide the phase estimate based upon the slicer error;and a second multiplier configured to adjust the slicer error based uponthe phase estimate to provide the phase corrected signal.
 5. Theequalization circuit of claim 4, wherein the phase alignment modulefurther comprises: a conjugate module configured to conjugate the phaseestimate to provide a conjugated phase estimate, wherein the secondmultiplier is configured to multiply the slicer error with theconjugated phase estimate.
 6. The equalization circuit of claim 1,wherein the received data stream comprises: a plurality of phasecorrection symbols; and a plurality of data stream symbol groupsinterdigitated with the plurality of phase correction symbols.
 7. Theequalization circuit of claim 6, wherein each of the plurality of phasecorrection symbols comprises: a pilot symbol having a known phase. 8.The equalization circuit of claim 6, wherein the phase alignment modulecomprises: a phase correction module configured to estimate the unknownphase offset in at least two phase correction symbols from among theplurality of phase correction symbols and to adjust the equalized outputby an estimate of the unknown phase offset in the at least two phasecorrection symbols to provide a derotated output; a first adder moduleconfigured to combine the derotated output and a known phase correctionsymbol having a known phase to provide a slicer error; and a firstmultiplier module configured to adjust the slicer error based upon theestimate of the unknown phase offset in the at least two phasecorrection symbols to provide the phase corrected signal.
 9. Theequalization circuit of claim 8, wherein the phase alignment modulefurther comprises: a conjugate module configured to conjugate theunknown phase offset in the at least two phase correction symbols toprovide a conjugated phase estimate, wherein the first multiplier moduleis configured to multiply the slicer error with the conjugated phaseestimate.
 10. The equalization circuit of claim 8, wherein the phasecorrection module comprises: a phase estimate block configured toestimate the unknown phase offset in a first phase correction symbol anda second phase correction symbol from among the at least two phasecorrection symbols to provide a first and a second phase estimate,respectively; a delay module configured to delay the first phaseestimate until the phase estimate block estimates the unknown phaseoffset in the second phase correction symbol to provide a delayed firstphase estimate; a second adder module configured to combine the secondphase estimate and the delayed first phase estimate to provide a phaseoffset estimation for the unknown phase offset in the at least two phasecorrection symbols; a DDFS configured to provide the estimate of theunknown phase offset in the at least two phase correction symbols basedupon the phase offset estimation; and a second multiplier outputconfigured to provide the derotated output based upon the estimate ofthe unknown phase offset in at least two phase correction symbols andthe phase offset estimation and the equalized output.
 11. Theequalization circuit of claim 10, wherein the phase correction modulefurther comprises: a delay line configured to delay the equalized datauntil the phase estimate block estimates the unknown phase offset in atleast two phase correction symbols to provide a delayed equalizedoutput, wherein second multiplier is configured to provide the derotatedoutput by multiplying the estimate of the unknown phase offset and thedelayed equalized output.
 12. A method to compensate for distortion in areceived data stream, the distortion in the received data streamincluding an unknown phase offset, comprising: (a) adjusting a pluralityof equalizer coefficients based upon a phase corrected signal; (b)compensating for the distortion based upon the plurality of equalizercoefficients to provide an equalized output; and (c) adjusting phase ofthe equalized output to compensate for the unknown phase offset toprovide a phase corrected signal.
 13. The method of claim 12, whereinstep (b) comprises: (b)(i) storing the received data stream into aplurality of registers to provide a plurality of stored data symbols;(b)(ii) multiplying a corresponding one of the plurality of stored datasymbols and a corresponding one of the plurality of equalizercoefficients to provide a corresponding one of a plurality of weightedoutputs; (b)(iii) combining the plurality of weighted outputs to providethe equalized outputs.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein step (a)comprises: (a)(i) adjusting the plurality of equalizer coefficientsbased upon the phase corrected signal using a mathematical algorithm.15. The method of claim 14, wherein step (a)(i) comprises: (a)(i)(A)adjusting the plurality of equalizer coefficients based upon the phasecorrected signal using a Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm.
 16. Themethod of claim 12, wherein step (c) comprises: (c)(i) multiplying theequalized output with a phase estimate to provide a derotated output,the phase estimate representing an estimate of the unknown phase offset;(c)(ii) estimating a transmitted data stream based upon the derotatedoutput and to determine a difference between an estimate of thetransmitted data stream and the derotated output to provide a slicererror; (c)(iii) generating the phase estimate based upon the slicererror; and (c)(iv) adjusting the slicer error based upon the phaseestimate to provide the phase corrected signal.
 17. The method of claim16, wherein step (c) further comprises: (c)(v) conjugating the phaseestimate to provide a conjugated phase estimate, wherein step (c)(iv)adjusts the slicer error with the conjugated phase estimate.
 18. Themethod of claim 12, wherein the received data stream comprises: aplurality of phase correction symbols; and a plurality of data streamsymbol groups interdigitated with the plurality of phase correctionsymbols.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein step (c) comprises: (c)(i)estimating the unknown phase offset in at least two phase correctionsymbols from among the plurality of phase correction symbols and toadjust the equalized output by an estimate of the unknown phase offsetin the at least two phase correction symbols to provide a derotatedoutput; (c)(ii) combining the derotated output and a known phasecorrection symbol having a known phase to provide a slicer error; and(c)(iii) adjusting the slicer error based upon the estimate of theunknown phase offset in the at least two phase correction symbols toprovide the phase corrected signal.
 20. The method of claim 19, whereinstep (c) further comprises: (c)(iv) conjugating the unknown phase offsetin the at least two phase correction symbols to provide a conjugatedphase estimate, wherein step (c)(iii) adjusts the slicer error with theconjugated phase estimate.
 21. The method of claim 18, wherein step(c)(i) comprises: (c)(i)(A) estimating the unknown phase offset in afirst phase correction symbol and a second phase correction symbol fromamong the at least two phase correction symbols to provide a first and asecond phase estimate, respectively; (c)(i)(B) delaying the first phaseestimate until step (c)(i)(A) estimates the unknown phase offset in thesecond phase correction symbol to provide a delayed first phaseestimate; (c)(i)(C) combining the second phase estimate and the delayedfirst phase estimate to provide a phase offset estimation for theunknown phase offset in the at least two phase correction symbols;(c)(i)(D) generating the estimate of the unknown phase offset in the atleast two phase correction symbols based upon the phase offsetestimation; and (c)(i)(E) generating the derotated output based upon theestimate of the unknown phase offset in at least two phase correctionsymbols and the phase offset estimation and the equalized output. 22.The method of claim 21, wherein step (c)(i) further comprises: (c)(i)(F)delaying the equalized data until the phase estimate block estimates theunknown phase offset in at least two phase correction symbols to providea delayed equalized output, wherein step (c)(i)(E) generates thederotated output by multiplying the estimate of the unknown phase offsetand the delayed equalized output.